四级语法难点--虚拟语气

2003-02-22 15:56 | komi

虚拟语气的三种形式
1。表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词的主要形式如下:
条件从句 动词用过去式(be用were)
主句 would(should,could,might)+动词原形
例: If I were you I shouldn't do that.
译:如果我是你,我就不会这样做。

2。表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词的主要形式如下:
条件从句 had+过去分词
主句 would(should,could,might)+ have+过去分词
例:They would have come to the meeting ,if they had known about it .
译:如果他们知道这个会议,他们就会来的。

3。表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词的主要形式如下:
条件从句 动词用以办过去式 或should(were to)+动词原形
主句 would(should,could,might)+动词原形
例:1. If it should rain ,the crop would be saved .
2. If it were to snow tomorrow ,they would not go out.
3. If he came tomorrow ,we could ask him .
四级真题:
Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she __
a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996.10)
A.has to get B.were to get C.had get D.could have got
答案:B 译:琼不想马上就工作,她想要是找了工作,就不能经常看望朋友了。

If the whole operation ___beforehand,a great deal of time and momey
wouldhave been lost (1999.6)
A.was not planned B.has not been planned C.had not been planned D.were not planned
答案:C 译: 如果整个手术不是事先计划好的话,就会浪费大量的金钱和时间。

虚拟语气的集中特殊情况
1。If的省略 在非真是条从句里,助动词were,had,shuold可以提到从句之首而省略if。were作非谓语动词时,也可以提到从句之首而省略if。
如:Were I you ,I would go there.
译:如果我是你,我就去那里。

四级真题:
The millions of calculations involved,had they been done by hand ,___
all pratical value by the time they were finished .(2001.6)
A.had lost B.would lose C.would have lost D.should have lost
答案:C 所涉及到的几百万次计算,那个时候如果靠手来完成到算完之时,它们就失去了一切价值了。
Had he work harder ,he ___ the exams.(1997.6)
A. must have got through B. would have got through
C. would get through D.could get through
答案:B 译:如果他学习努力一点,那次考试就通过了。


2。含蓄虚拟句
有时虚拟条件并不用if从句来表示,而是含蓄在某个词或短语里。
可以用来表示含蓄条件的有:
1)连词 or ,otherwise,but
The old man's hands shook constantly. Otherwise he would be still
working.
这老人的双手不停的颤抖。否则他现在仍然在工作。
Our chairman was absent,or I would not have taken the chair .
我们的主席没来,否则我是主持会议的。

2)介词 with,without,under,but for
Without electricity human life would be quite different today.
译:如果没有点,人类现在的生活就是另一个样子了。

But for your help,I wouldn't have finished this work.
不告诉他真像将会是一个错误。

Ten minutes earlier ,and you would have caught the bus .
要早来十分钟,你就可以赶上汽车了。

Left to themselves, those flood victims would not have been able to stay alive .
如果把那些洪水灾民扔下不管,他们就不可能活下来。

四级真题:
Some women____a good salary in a job instead of staying home,but they
decided not to work for the sake of family.
A.must make B.should have made C.would make D.could have made
答案:D 译:有些妇女要是不呆在家里,就可以赚一份不错的薪水,但是他们为了家庭而决定不去工作。

3.错综时间的虚拟语气
有时候,条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作,发生得时间是不一致的(如果一个是过去发生的,一个是现在发生的)。这时,动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。
如: If the doctor hadn't tried his best to save you ,you wouldn't be standing here now.

四级真题
If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell ,you ___now.(1999.1)
A. wouldn't be smiling B. couldn't have smiled
C. won't smile D. didn't smile
答案:A 译: 当你掉下来时,要不是我在梯子下面把你接住,你现在就笑不成了。

4 wish类虚拟句
wish的宾语从句里的动词要用虚拟式。表示不可能实现的愿望。
1)对目前的情况表示祝愿,用动词一般过去式(be用were)
I wish my friend were with me now.

2)对目前正在进行的情况表示祝愿,用动词过去进行式。
I wish I were staying at home with my parents now.

3)对目前已经完成的情况表示祝愿,用动词过去完成式。
I wish I had finished my homework .

4)对过去的事情表示遗憾,后悔,用动词过去完成式。
I wish I had seen the film yesterday.
有情态动词,要用情态动词+动词的完成式
I wish I could have pass the interview .


5)对将来的事情表祝愿用could(would)+动词原形
I wish I could become rich some day.
以上五种句子均可将I wish 换成If only。

would rather + 代词+一般过去式
I would rather you stay with me .

It's time 接不带that的宾语从句。从句的动词用过去式,表示该干而又没干的事。

四级真题:
Sometimes I wish I ___in a different time and a different place.(2000.1)
A. be living B.were living C.would live D.would have lived
答案: B 译:有时候我希望自己生活在一个不同的时代一个不同的地方。

Wouldn't you rather your children ___to bed early?
A.go B.went C.would go D.goes
答案; B 译:难道你不希望你的孩子早点上床吗?

It's already 5 o'clock now.Don't you think it's about time ____?(1996.6)
A.we are going home B.we go home C. we went home D.we can go home
答案:C 译:已经5点了。你不认为我们该回家了么?

5。表示建议,命令,要求类的虚拟句
should(可省略)+动词原形 主要用于以下从句中
1)用于表示意愿,建议,命令等动词后的that引导的宾语从句。
ask,maitain,request,advise,move,require,arrange.object,resolve,suggest, decide, prefer,pray,urge,decree,propose,vote,insist,etc.....

2)有些表示建议,命令和要求的名词,要求引起虚拟的主语从句和同位语从句。这类名词常见的有:
advice , decision , demand ,desire , insistence , motion , order ,
necessity , preferrence , proposal ,etc.....

3)这一类的形容词
essential , imperative , important , necessary , urgent , vital ,
advicable , anxious , appropriate , better , best , desirable ,
preferable, natural etc.......

四级真题:
I don't think it adviseable that Tom ___ to the job since he has no experience.(1997.6)
A .is assigned B. will be asigned C. be assigned D.has been assigned

答案:C 译:由于汤姆没有经验,派他这项工作我认为是不明智的。

It's important that the hotel receptionist ___that guest are registered correctly.(2001.1)
A.has made sure B. must make sure C.made sure D. make sure
答案: D 译:重要的是,旅馆接待员要确保客人们恰当的进行登记.

Mike's uncle insisted ____ in this hotel (2000.1)
A. staying not B.not to stay C. that he would not stay D.that he not stay
答案:D 译: 麦克的叔叔坚持不住这个旅馆。

6 带lest或as if的虚拟句
lest引导的状语从句里,谓语用(should+动词原形)不管什么人称,也不管主句里动词时态如何
as though as if 后面接不可能的事时也要用虚拟语气动词形式,多用过去式 (be用were)过去完成式,过去进行式。
She leave the window lest be seen .
译:她离开了窗子,怕被别人看见。
He talks as if he know everything .
译:他说起来好象他什么都知道。

四级真题:
He was punished ______ he should make the same mistake again.(2001.6)
A.unless B.lest C.if D.provided
答案:B 译:他受了罚,以免在犯同样的错。

The tree looked as if it _____for a long time .
A hasn't watered B. hadn't been watered C.didn't water D.wasn't watered
答案:B 译:这棵树看起来很久都没浇水了。


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